A speech communication and rhetoric degree prepares graduates for careers in Public relations managers, Communications teachers, postsecondary, Writers and authors and more. 744 colleges and universities offer this program.
Nationally, bachelor’s graduates in this field earn a median $56,359 four years after graduating (middle half: $39,575–$76,115). Where you study it matters: across 400 colleges with reported results, pay ranges from $51,397 to $114,266.
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| # | College | 4 yrs after | Wage-adjusted | 1 yr after | Median debt | Outcome Rating |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA | $114,266 | $116,210 | $53,022 | $15,000 | A+ |
| 2 | Northwestern University Evanston, IL | $93,541 | $91,903 | $52,210 | $17,687 | A+ |
| 3 | Cornell University Ithaca, NY | $88,463 | $84,198 | $62,182 | $14,400 | A+ |
| 4 | Santa Clara University Santa Clara, CA | $84,206 | $76,622 | $51,720 | $17,832 | A+ |
| 5 | Boston College Chestnut Hill, MA | $83,586 | $73,606 | $55,162 | $18,000 | A+ |
| 6 | Villanova University Villanova, PA | $81,497 | $82,883 | $52,294 | $26,228 | A+ |
| 7 | Boston University Boston, MA | $80,306 | $70,718 | $47,349 | $23,250 | A+ |
| 9 | Northeastern University Professional Programs Boston, MA | $80,191 | $70,617 | $47,465 | $21,500 | A+ |
| 8 | Northeastern University Boston, MA | $80,191 | $70,617 | $47,465 | $21,500 | A+ |
| 10 | University of Michigan-Ann Arbor Ann Arbor, MI | $79,648 | $83,980 | $50,556 | $19,941 | A+ |
| 11 | George Washington University Washington, DC | $79,112 | $69,323 | $50,552 | $25,000 | A+ |
| 12 | Emory University Atlanta, GA | $78,866 | $81,642 | $37,237 | $21,000 | A+ |
| 13 | Fairfield University Fairfield, CT | $78,081 | $70,298 | $46,677 | $26,919 | A+ |
| 14 | Wake Forest University Winston-salem, NC | $77,984 | $83,688 | $42,055 | $22,250 | A+ |
| 15 | Fordham University Bronx, NY | $77,244 | $73,520 | $46,405 | $24,615 | A+ |
| 16 | Tulane University of Louisiana New Orleans, LA | $76,945 | $89,070 | $33,428 | $23,082 | A+ |
| 17 | University of Virginia-Main Campus Charlottesville, VA | $76,243 | $69,426 | $47,368 | $20,500 | A+ |
| 18 | Roanoke College Salem, VA | $76,198 | $69,385 | $36,220 | $26,820 | C |
| 19 | Purdue University Global West Lafayette, IN | $75,906 | $81,433 | — | — | C+ |
| 20 | University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA | $75,864 | $69,031 | $47,651 | $15,875 | A+ |
| 21 | University of California-Berkeley Berkeley, CA | $75,612 | $68,802 | $43,696 | $11,100 | A+ |
| 22 | California Polytechnic State University-San Luis Obispo San Luis Obispo, CA | $75,223 | $68,448 | $62,183 | $14,857 | A+ |
| 23 | Marist College Poughkeepsie, NY | $74,726 | $71,124 | $41,818 | $25,000 | A |
| 24 | Manhattan College Riverdale, NY | $74,471 | $70,881 | $44,016 | $25,500 | A |
| 25 | University of Maryland-College Park College Park, MD | $74,402 | $65,296 | $43,696 | $17,250 | A+ |
| 26 | Elon University Elon, NC | $73,750 | $79,144 | $48,637 | $21,999 | A+ |
| 27 | Hobart William Smith Colleges Geneva, NY | $73,650 | $70,100 | $50,750 | $26,500 | B+ |
| 28 | Gonzaga University Spokane, WA | $73,558 | $67,658 | $37,799 | $21,875 | A |
| 29 | Chapman University Orange, CA | $73,461 | $66,845 | $44,601 | $18,777 | B+ |
| 30 | The Catholic University of America Washington, DC | $73,073 | $64,031 | $43,259 | $27,000 | B+ |
| 31 | University of California-Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, CA | $72,976 | $66,403 | $46,598 | $13,000 | A |
| 32 | St Lawrence University Canton, NY | $72,839 | $69,328 | $35,414 | $25,000 | B+ |
| 33 | University of California-Davis Davis, CA | $72,778 | $66,223 | $42,569 | $13,000 | A |
| 34 | University of Arizona Tucson, AZ | $72,758 | $74,760 | $42,993 | $18,910 | B |
| 35 | CUNY Graduate School and University Center New York, NY | $72,564 | $69,066 | $57,782 | $12,901 | B+ |
| 36 | The University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX | $72,210 | $73,416 | $43,848 | $19,500 | A+ |
| 37 | Loyola University Maryland Baltimore, MD | $71,948 | $63,143 | $42,640 | $27,000 | A |
| 38 | Simmons University Boston, MA | $71,138 | $62,644 | $42,256 | $23,250 | C+ |
| 39 | Stonehill College Easton, MA | $70,618 | $62,187 | $37,543 | $25,000 | A |
| 40 | Roger Williams University Bristol, RI | $70,575 | $69,509 | $33,596 | $26,000 | B+ |
| 41 | University of Oregon Eugene, OR | $70,532 | $70,948 | $33,165 | $16,500 | B |
| 42 | University of Delaware Newark, DE | $70,414 | $69,992 | $41,897 | $24,296 | A |
| 43 | Willamette University Salem, OR | $70,412 | $70,827 | $31,472 | $21,500 | B |
| 44 | University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC | $70,240 | $75,377 | $43,348 | $14,625 | A+ |
| 45 | Syracuse University Syracuse, NY | $70,106 | $66,726 | $36,767 | $26,000 | A |
| 46 | CUNY City College New York, NY | $69,948 | $66,576 | $42,734 | $14,858 | B |
| 47 | Pace University New York, NY | $69,876 | $66,507 | $35,992 | $26,000 | B+ |
| 48 | Rutgers University-New Brunswick New Brunswick, NJ | $69,709 | $61,183 | $43,649 | $21,500 | A |
| 49 | University of Pittsburgh-Pittsburgh Campus Pittsburgh, PA | $69,573 | $70,756 | $35,781 | $25,870 | A |
| 50 | Gustavus Adolphus College Saint Peter, MN | $69,423 | $66,314 | $50,074 | $27,000 | B+ |
| 51 | Saint Anselm College Manchester, NH | $69,288 | $63,821 | $43,819 | $27,000 | A |
| 52 | DePauw University Greencastle, IN | $69,228 | $74,269 | $43,141 | $27,000 | A |
| 53 | Loyola Marymount University Los Angeles, CA | $69,144 | $62,917 | $41,113 | $17,750 | A |
| 56 | University of New Hampshire College of Professional Studies Online Manchester, NH | $69,098 | $63,646 | $43,551 | $25,990 | C |
| 55 | University of New Hampshire at Manchester Manchester, NH | $69,098 | $63,646 | $43,551 | $25,990 | B |
| 54 | University of New Hampshire-Main Campus Durham, NH | $69,098 | $63,646 | $43,551 | $25,990 | B |
| 57 | Southern Illinois University-Carbondale Carbondale, IL | $69,034 | $67,825 | $32,465 | $26,000 | C |
| 58 | University of Nevada-Reno Reno, NV | $68,953 | $71,565 | $40,296 | $17,232 | B |
| 59 | University of San Diego San Diego, CA | $68,913 | $62,706 | $40,776 | $24,000 | A+ |
| 60 | Brigham Young University Provo, UT | $68,843 | $65,247 | $46,747 | $19,680 | A |
| 61 | Sonoma State University Rohnert Park, CA | $68,833 | $62,634 | $32,952 | $17,877 | B |
| 62 | The College of New Jersey Ewing, NJ | $68,654 | $60,257 | $37,151 | $19,500 | B+ |
| 63 | University of San Francisco San Francisco, CA | $68,592 | $62,414 | $39,000 | $21,875 | A |
| 68 | University of Connecticut-Hartford Campus Hartford, CT | $68,542 | $61,710 | $40,473 | $21,036 | B+ |
| 67 | University of Connecticut-Stamford Stamford, CT | $68,542 | $61,710 | $40,473 | $21,036 | B+ |
| 66 | University of Connecticut-Avery Point Groton, CT | $68,542 | $61,710 | $40,473 | $21,036 | B+ |
| 65 | University of Connecticut-Waterbury Campus Waterbury, CT | $68,542 | $61,710 | $40,473 | $21,036 | B+ |
| 64 | University of Connecticut Storrs, CT | $68,542 | $61,710 | $40,473 | $21,036 | A |
| 69 | Bryant University Smithfield, RI | $68,518 | $67,483 | $45,071 | $27,000 | A+ |
| 70 | University of Georgia Athens, GA | $68,319 | $70,724 | $44,283 | $17,250 | A |
| 71 | Washington & Jefferson College Washington, PA | $68,066 | $69,224 | $39,584 | $27,000 | B+ |
| 72 | Woodbury University Burbank, CA | $68,020 | $61,894 | — | — | B |
| 73 | American University Washington, DC | $67,863 | $59,466 | $36,980 | $22,611 | A |
| 74 | University of California-San Diego La Jolla, CA | $67,302 | $61,240 | $33,046 | $13,193 | A+ |
| 75 | University of Dayton Dayton, OH | $67,231 | $71,746 | $42,629 | $25,000 | A+ |
| 76 | University of Maryland Global Campus Adelphi, MD | $67,181 | $58,959 | $53,513 | $23,000 | C+ |
| 77 | University of La Verne La Verne, CA | $66,891 | $60,866 | $29,305 | $22,655 | B |
| 78 | Denison University Granville, OH | $66,730 | $71,211 | $47,396 | $25,000 | A |
| 79 | University of Colorado Boulder Boulder, CO | $66,623 | $62,306 | $39,738 | $16,500 | B+ |
| 80 | University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Champaign, IL | $66,439 | $65,276 | $37,808 | $18,850 | A+ |
| 81 | James Madison University Harrisonburg, VA | $66,436 | $60,496 | $42,769 | $20,500 | B+ |
| 82 | Saint Mary's College Notre Dame, IN | $66,335 | $71,165 | $32,322 | $27,000 | B+ |
| 83 | Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Blacksburg, VA | $66,106 | $60,196 | $44,309 | $20,500 | A |
| 84 | Queens University of Charlotte Charlotte, NC | $65,985 | $70,811 | $36,279 | $26,975 | B |
| 85 | Purdue University-Main Campus West Lafayette, IN | $65,517 | $70,288 | $41,409 | $17,375 | A+ |
| 86 | Norwich University Northfield, VT | $65,497 | $67,271 | $37,161 | $27,000 | B+ |
| 87 | McDaniel College Westminster, MD | $65,411 | $57,406 | $32,402 | $24,500 | C |
| 88 | University of St Thomas Saint Paul, MN | $64,917 | $62,010 | $45,100 | $26,125 | A |
| 89 | Lake Forest College Lake Forest, IL | $64,580 | $63,449 | $42,835 | $27,000 | B |
| 90 | Texas A & M University-College Station College Station, TX | $64,533 | $65,611 | $43,295 | $15,750 | A |
| 91 | University of Rhode Island Kingston, RI | $64,520 | $63,546 | $36,785 | $22,813 | B+ |
| 92 | Saint Mary's College of California Moraga, CA | $64,456 | $58,651 | $35,356 | $19,500 | A |
| 93 | College of Saint Benedict Saint Joseph, MN | $64,430 | $61,544 | $45,702 | $27,000 | B+ |
| 94 | Merrimack College North Andover, MA | $64,345 | $56,663 | $29,527 | $25,783 | B+ |
| 97 | University of Washington-Tacoma Campus Tacoma, WA | $64,153 | $59,007 | $44,638 | $15,000 | B+ |
| 96 | University of Washington-Bothell Campus Bothell, WA | $64,153 | $59,007 | $44,638 | $15,000 | A |
| 95 | University of Washington-Seattle Campus Seattle, WA | $64,153 | $59,007 | $44,638 | $15,000 | A |
| 98 | University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh Oshkosh, WI | $64,103 | $66,702 | $40,673 | $26,000 | C+ |
| 99 | Furman University Greenville, SC | $64,014 | $70,982 | $41,766 | $22,631 | A |
| 100 | Keene State College Keene, NH | $63,995 | $58,946 | $34,372 | $25,000 | D |
| 101 | Indiana University-Bloomington Bloomington, IN | $63,855 | $68,505 | $36,700 | $20,500 | A |
| 102 | Augsburg University Minneapolis, MN | $63,850 | $60,990 | $36,604 | $25,000 | C+ |
| 103 | San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA | $63,731 | $57,991 | $40,790 | $13,703 | B |
| 104 | Augustana College Rock Island, IL | $63,730 | $62,614 | $40,806 | $26,375 | B+ |
| 105 | SUNY College at Geneseo Geneseo, NY | $63,577 | $60,512 | $41,070 | $19,500 | B+ |
| 106 | Texas Christian University Fort Worth, TX | $63,531 | $64,592 | $32,123 | $21,500 | A |
| 107 | State University of New York at Cortland Cortland, NY | $63,431 | $60,373 | $34,683 | $21,500 | C+ |
| 108 | University of Denver Denver, CO | $63,374 | $59,267 | $36,234 | $20,666 | B+ |
| 109 | University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT | $63,309 | $60,002 | $43,801 | $17,500 | B+ |
| 110 | Towson University Towson, MD | $63,292 | $55,546 | $42,657 | $17,989 | C+ |
| 111 | Quinnipiac University Hamden, CT | $63,012 | $56,731 | $37,199 | $23,250 | A |
| 112 | University at Buffalo Buffalo, NY | $62,912 | $59,879 | $39,226 | $19,500 | B+ |
| 113 | University of Colorado Denver/Anschutz Medical Campus Denver, CO | $62,882 | $58,807 | $39,662 | $21,896 | C+ |
| 114 | Marymount Manhattan College New York, NY | $62,844 | $59,814 | $24,962 | $24,500 | F |
| 115 | Endicott College Beverly, MA | $62,840 | $55,337 | $36,233 | $27,000 | C |
| 116 | Colorado State University Global Aurora, CO | $62,743 | $58,677 | $49,436 | $23,187 | B+ |
| 117 | Utah Valley University Orem, UT | $62,566 | $59,298 | $44,202 | $13,942 | B+ |
| 118 | Westmont College Santa Barbara, CA | $62,535 | $56,903 | $41,225 | $23,250 | B |
| 119 | SUNY Brockport Brockport, NY | $62,532 | $59,518 | $37,910 | $19,969 | C |
| 120 | University of Hartford West Hartford, CT | $62,464 | $56,238 | $32,186 | $26,374 | C+ |
| 121 | Seattle Pacific University Seattle, WA | $62,411 | $57,405 | $32,260 | $25,137 | B |
| 122 | Washington State University Pullman, WA | $62,406 | $57,400 | $38,747 | — | B |
| 123 | Hofstra University Hempstead, NY | $62,361 | $59,355 | $39,782 | $23,500 | B+ |
| 124 | John Carroll University University Heights, OH | $62,270 | $66,451 | $41,072 | $27,000 | B+ |
| 125 | Ohio State University-Main Campus Columbus, OH | $62,096 | $66,266 | $41,232 | $19,822 | A |
| 126 | Rollins College Winter Park, FL | $62,086 | $66,083 | $36,285 | $25,200 | B+ |
| 127 | North Carolina State University at Raleigh Raleigh, NC | $62,039 | $66,577 | $39,889 | $20,000 | A |
| 128 | Ashford University San Diego, CA | $61,909 | $56,333 | $58,089 | $33,341 | F |
| 129 | University of Puget Sound Tacoma, WA | $61,904 | $56,938 | $29,477 | $27,000 | B+ |
| 130 | Randolph-Macon College Ashland, VA | $61,867 | $56,336 | $40,328 | $27,000 | C+ |
| 131 | College of Staten Island CUNY Staten Island, NY | $61,691 | $58,717 | $29,702 | $11,750 | D |
| 132 | California Lutheran University Thousand Oaks, CA | $61,653 | $56,100 | $37,249 | $20,802 | B+ |
| 133 | The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa, AL | $61,548 | $69,862 | $40,790 | $24,459 | B+ |
| 134 | CUNY Queens College Queens, NY | $61,501 | $58,536 | $31,918 | $12,500 | B |
| 135 | Colorado State University-Fort Collins Fort Collins, CO | $61,434 | $57,453 | $38,731 | $20,500 | C+ |
| 136 | San Diego State University San Diego, CA | $61,389 | $55,860 | $37,773 | $15,000 | B |
| 137 | Metropolitan State University Saint Paul, MN | $61,355 | $58,607 | $46,320 | $20,364 | C+ |
| 138 | La Salle University Philadelphia, PA | $61,347 | $62,390 | $36,037 | $27,000 | B+ |
| 139 | Bellevue University Bellevue, NE | $61,294 | $63,350 | — | — | B |
| 140 | University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison, WI | $61,270 | $63,754 | $37,286 | $20,500 | A+ |
| 141 | University of Nebraska at Omaha Omaha, NE | $61,220 | $63,273 | $41,327 | $17,936 | C |
| 143 | Arizona State University Digital Immersion Scottsdale, AZ | $61,193 | $62,877 | $44,571 | $19,202 | B+ |
| 142 | Arizona State University Campus Immersion Tempe, AZ | $61,193 | $62,877 | $44,571 | $19,202 | B+ |
| 145 | Oregon State University-Cascades Campus Bend, OR | $61,096 | $61,456 | $40,737 | $19,828 | B |
| 144 | Oregon State University Corvallis, OR | $61,096 | $61,456 | $40,737 | $19,828 | B+ |
| 146 | Ursinus College Collegeville, PA | $61,017 | $62,055 | $35,420 | $27,000 | A |
| 147 | University of Missouri-Columbia Columbia, MO | $61,007 | $65,412 | $44,078 | $19,500 | A |
| 148 | Eckerd College Saint Petersburg, FL | $60,969 | $64,894 | $33,544 | $20,500 | C+ |
| 149 | University of Maryland-Baltimore County Baltimore, MD | $60,957 | $53,497 | $30,737 | $20,500 | B |
| 150 | State University of New York at New Paltz New Paltz, NY | $60,929 | $57,992 | $29,860 | $18,500 | C+ |
| 151 | University of Massachusetts-Amherst Amherst, MA | $60,891 | $53,621 | $36,380 | $20,500 | B+ |
| 152 | The College of Wooster Wooster, OH | $60,884 | $64,972 | $39,527 | $22,111 | B+ |
| 153 | California Baptist University Riverside, CA | $60,883 | $55,400 | $42,300 | $25,000 | C+ |
| 154 | Michigan State University East Lansing, MI | $60,807 | $64,114 | $36,390 | $25,250 | A |
| 155 | The University of Texas Permian Basin Odessa, TX | $60,805 | $61,821 | $46,203 | $17,515 | C |
| 156 | University of Iowa Iowa City, IA | $60,737 | $63,888 | $37,647 | $22,850 | A |
| 157 | Wheaton College Wheaton, IL | $60,695 | $59,632 | $39,321 | $23,250 | B+ |
| 158 | University of the Pacific Stockton, CA | $60,666 | $55,202 | $28,292 | $18,500 | A |
| 159 | St. John's University-New York Queens, NY | $60,634 | $57,711 | $27,234 | $25,000 | B+ |
| 160 | Manhattanville College Purchase, NY | $60,523 | $57,605 | $27,488 | $25,726 | C+ |
| 161 | Marquette University Milwaukee, WI | $60,482 | $62,934 | $36,443 | $20,000 | A+ |
| 162 | Illinois State University Normal, IL | $60,414 | $59,356 | $38,125 | $19,500 | B |
| 163 | University of Massachusetts-Boston Boston, MA | $60,411 | $53,198 | $42,480 | $24,258 | C+ |
| 164 | University of North Carolina at Charlotte Charlotte, NC | $60,407 | $64,825 | $38,234 | $20,500 | B |
| 165 | University of Kansas Lawrence, KS | $60,258 | $62,558 | $40,772 | $18,811 | B+ |
| 166 | Emmanuel College Boston, MA | $60,110 | $52,933 | $38,636 | $27,000 | B |
| 167 | University of Minnesota-Duluth Duluth, MN | $60,023 | $57,335 | $39,706 | $21,852 | B |
| 168 | Weber State University Ogden, UT | $59,969 | $56,837 | $43,209 | $16,749 | B+ |
| 169 | Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond, VA | $59,968 | $54,606 | $35,808 | $21,500 | C |
| 170 | Radford University Radford, VA | $59,932 | $54,574 | $38,038 | $25,000 | D |
| 171 | Saint Joseph's University Philadelphia, PA | $59,929 | $60,948 | $38,024 | $26,000 | A+ |
| 172 | Rider University Lawrenceville, NJ | $59,897 | $52,571 | $41,864 | — | C+ |
| 173 | California State University-San Marcos San Marcos, CA | $59,842 | $54,452 | $36,310 | $14,545 | C+ |
| 174 | CUNY Bernard M Baruch College New York, NY | $59,756 | $56,875 | $36,367 | $7,500 | A |
| 175 | University at Albany Albany, NY | $59,724 | $56,845 | $30,792 | $20,066 | B+ |
| 176 | Westminster University Salt Lake City, UT | $59,676 | $56,559 | $33,649 | $25,000 | B |
| 177 | Kennesaw State University Kennesaw, GA | $59,675 | $61,776 | $43,420 | $26,988 | C+ |
| 178 | Hamline University Saint Paul, MN | $59,557 | $56,890 | $42,201 | $24,672 | C+ |
| 179 | Trinity University San Antonio, TX | $59,494 | $60,488 | $34,589 | $25,392 | A |
| 184 | Ottawa University-Surprise Surprise, AZ | $59,445 | $61,081 | $33,465 | $22,500 | C |
| 183 | Ottawa University-Online Overland Park, KS | $59,445 | $61,714 | $33,465 | $22,500 | B |
| 182 | Ottawa University-Milwaukee Brookfield, WI | $59,445 | $61,855 | $33,465 | $22,500 | B |
| 181 | Ottawa University-Kansas City Overland Park, KS | $59,445 | $61,714 | $33,465 | $22,500 | B |
| 180 | Ottawa University-Ottawa Ottawa, KS | $59,445 | $61,714 | $33,465 | $22,500 | C |
| 185 | East Carolina University Greenville, NC | $59,432 | $63,779 | $37,813 | $21,250 | B |
| 186 | California State University-Sacramento Sacramento, CA | $59,404 | $54,054 | $39,304 | $15,000 | C+ |
| 187 | Southwestern University Georgetown, TX | $59,372 | $60,364 | $34,050 | $26,000 | B |
| 188 | California State University-Channel Islands Camarillo, CA | $59,332 | $53,988 | $40,109 | $13,429 | C+ |
| 189 | Saint Michael's College Colchester, VT | $59,313 | $60,919 | $30,747 | $26,250 | B+ |
| 191 | Montclair State University Montclair, NJ | $59,247 | $52,000 | $28,062 | $21,500 | C+ |
| 190 | Bloomfield College Bloomfield, NJ | $59,247 | $52,000 | $28,062 | $21,500 | D |
| 192 | Portland State University Portland, OR | $59,232 | $59,581 | $35,143 | $20,499 | C+ |
| 193 | University of New Haven West Haven, CT | $59,225 | $53,321 | $27,918 | $27,000 | C |
| 194 | Emerson College Boston, MA | $59,202 | $52,134 | $44,108 | $23,717 | C+ |
| 195 | Sacred Heart University Fairfield, CT | $59,068 | $53,180 | $28,884 | $25,000 | B+ |
| 196 | University of Nebraska-Lincoln Lincoln, NE | $59,017 | $60,996 | $39,702 | $21,150 | B |
| 197 | Baylor University Waco, TX | $58,915 | $59,899 | $43,740 | $23,250 | A |
| 198 | University of Central Florida Orlando, FL | $58,783 | $62,567 | $37,021 | $17,148 | B+ |
| 199 | King University Bristol, TN | $58,770 | $64,200 | — | — | B |
| 200 | Monmouth University West Long Branch, NJ | $58,759 | $51,572 | $25,742 | $25,000 | B |
| 201 | Utah State University Logan, UT | $58,672 | $55,607 | $37,574 | $13,960 | C |
| 202 | Iona University New Rochelle, NY | $58,650 | $55,823 | $29,911 | $26,723 | B+ |
| 203 | Thomas More University Crestview Hills, KY | $58,479 | $66,216 | — | — | B |
| 204 | Muhlenberg College Allentown, PA | $58,473 | $59,468 | $29,950 | $23,829 | A |
| 205 | The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso, TX | $58,451 | $59,428 | $23,766 | — | C |
| 206 | California State University-Chico Chico, CA | $58,391 | $53,132 | $38,421 | $16,125 | B |
| 208 | College of Charleston Charleston, SC | $58,371 | $64,724 | $36,903 | $21,500 | B |
| 207 | Eastern University Saint Davids, PA | $58,371 | $59,364 | $25,732 | $25,000 | C |
| 209 | University of Maine Orono, ME | $58,306 | $61,964 | $37,192 | $25,168 | C |
| 210 | St. John Fisher University Rochester, NY | $58,279 | $55,470 | $30,233 | $19,500 | B+ |
| 211 | Loyola University Chicago Chicago, IL | $58,256 | $57,236 | $31,495 | $23,000 | A |
| 212 | Hanover College Hanover, IN | $58,227 | $62,467 | $31,621 | $27,000 | C+ |
| 213 | University of South Carolina Aiken Aiken, SC | $58,203 | $64,538 | $34,654 | $25,802 | D |
| 214 | Texas Tech University Lubbock, TX | $58,196 | $59,168 | $34,028 | $21,600 | B+ |
| 215 | Vassar College Poughkeepsie, NY | $58,163 | $55,359 | $23,270 | $16,750 | A |
| 216 | California State University-Long Beach Long Beach, CA | $58,137 | $52,901 | $34,172 | $13,766 | B |
| 217 | California State University-Fullerton Fullerton, CA | $58,082 | $52,851 | $34,120 | $13,000 | C+ |
| 218 | Stetson University Deland, FL | $58,071 | $61,809 | $33,190 | $27,000 | C+ |
| 219 | University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire Eau Claire, WI | $58,043 | $60,397 | $40,333 | $22,250 | B |
| 220 | Nebraska Wesleyan University Lincoln, NE | $57,937 | $59,880 | $41,188 | $24,704 | B |
| 221 | Eastern Illinois University Charleston, IL | $57,887 | $56,874 | $37,778 | $23,676 | D |
| 223 | Fairleigh Dickinson University-Florham Campus Madison, NJ | $57,829 | $50,756 | $34,772 | $25,000 | C |
| 222 | Fairleigh Dickinson University-Metropolitan Campus Teaneck, NJ | $57,829 | $50,756 | $34,772 | $25,000 | C |
| 224 | Saint Louis University Saint Louis, MO | $57,787 | $61,960 | $30,047 | $21,500 | A |
| 225 | California State University-East Bay Hayward, CA | $57,708 | $52,510 | $35,722 | $18,000 | B |
| 226 | Mount St. Mary's University Emmitsburg, MD | $57,669 | $50,611 | $39,055 | $26,312 | C+ |
| 227 | Seattle University Seattle, WA | $57,599 | $52,979 | $39,316 | $19,500 | A |
| 228 | University of Phoenix-Arizona Phoenix, AZ | $57,523 | $59,106 | $47,919 | $36,583 | F |
| 229 | The Master's University and Seminary Santa Clarita, CA | $57,507 | $52,328 | $29,015 | $22,250 | C |
| 230 | California State University-Dominguez Hills Carson, CA | $57,478 | $52,301 | $34,015 | $17,157 | D |
| 231 | University of Oklahoma-Norman Campus Norman, OK | $57,453 | $64,506 | $45,009 | $21,500 | A |
| 232 | SUNY Oneonta Oneonta, NY | $57,447 | $54,678 | $27,973 | $20,500 | C+ |
| 233 | The University of Tennessee-Knoxville Knoxville, TN | $57,394 | $62,697 | $41,258 | $19,611 | B+ |
| 234 | Florida International University Miami, FL | $57,376 | $61,069 | $36,424 | $17,234 | B+ |
| 235 | Wayne State University Detroit, MI | $57,335 | $60,453 | $36,595 | $25,000 | C+ |
| 236 | Pacific Lutheran University Tacoma, WA | $57,317 | $52,719 | $33,970 | $22,604 | B |
| 237 | Caldwell University Caldwell, NJ | $57,307 | $50,297 | $22,371 | $26,000 | D |
| 238 | Christopher Newport University Newport News, VA | $57,254 | $52,135 | $36,953 | $23,250 | C+ |
| 239 | California State University-Northridge Northridge, CA | $57,138 | $51,992 | $30,794 | $13,999 | C |
| 240 | St. Thomas Aquinas College Sparkill, NY | $57,112 | $54,359 | $28,480 | — | B |
| 241 | Iowa State University Ames, IA | $57,110 | $60,073 | $40,497 | $16,875 | B+ |
| 242 | CUNY Brooklyn College Brooklyn, NY | $57,024 | $54,275 | $27,262 | $11,260 | C+ |
| 243 | University of Arkansas Fayetteville, AR | $56,969 | $67,133 | $40,095 | $19,500 | B+ |
| 244 | Bridgewater State University Bridgewater, MA | $56,968 | $50,166 | $34,146 | $24,250 | D |
| 245 | University of Nevada-Las Vegas Las Vegas, NV | $56,944 | $59,101 | $32,365 | $18,618 | C+ |
| 246 | University of Houston-Downtown Houston, TX | $56,903 | $57,854 | $34,123 | $23,455 | C |
| 247 | Ramapo College of New Jersey Mahwah, NJ | $56,894 | $49,935 | $31,966 | $23,074 | B |
| 248 | Central Washington University Ellensburg, WA | $56,862 | $52,301 | $35,820 | $21,065 | C+ |
| 249 | University of Illinois Chicago Chicago, IL | $56,845 | $55,850 | $38,912 | $19,224 | B+ |
| 250 | University of Cincinnati-Main Campus Cincinnati, OH | $56,818 | $60,633 | $41,138 | $21,644 | B |
| 251 | Mount Mary University Milwaukee, WI | $56,763 | $59,065 | — | — | D |
| 252 | Wittenberg University Springfield, OH | $56,711 | $60,519 | $36,715 | $27,000 | C+ |
| 253 | Southern Connecticut State University New Haven, CT | $56,694 | $51,043 | $29,984 | $22,250 | D |
| 254 | San Diego Christian College Santee, CA | $56,685 | $51,580 | — | — | F |
| 255 | Auburn University Auburn, AL | $56,636 | $64,287 | $35,929 | $18,625 | A |
| 256 | University of Northern Colorado Greeley, CO | $56,520 | $52,857 | $34,892 | $19,848 | D |
| 257 | Brigham Young University-Idaho Rexburg, ID | $56,514 | $60,095 | $36,941 | $12,500 | A |
| 258 | University of Wisconsin-La Crosse La Crosse, WI | $56,470 | $58,760 | $40,293 | $21,906 | B+ |
| 259 | Florida Gulf Coast University Fort Myers, FL | $56,455 | $60,089 | $39,342 | $17,479 | C+ |
| 260 | Western Washington University Bellingham, WA | $56,415 | $51,890 | $34,857 | $17,887 | C+ |
| 262 | Saint Cloud State University Saint Cloud, MN | $56,388 | $53,863 | $40,279 | $23,250 | C |
| 261 | Concordia University-Irvine Irvine, CA | $56,388 | $51,309 | $36,162 | $24,848 | B |
| 263 | Westfield State University Westfield, MA | $56,349 | $49,621 | $32,134 | $23,250 | D |
| 264 | Whitworth University Spokane, WA | $56,304 | $51,788 | $39,305 | $21,500 | C+ |
| 265 | California State Polytechnic University-Pomona Pomona, CA | $56,278 | $51,209 | $32,852 | $14,725 | B+ |
| 266 | Indiana University-East Richmond, IN | $56,141 | $60,229 | $37,463 | $12,076 | D |
| 267 | Minnesota State University-Mankato Mankato, MN | $56,119 | $53,606 | $39,798 | $22,779 | C |
| 268 | University of North Dakota Grand Forks, ND | $56,065 | $58,085 | $34,963 | $20,500 | B+ |
| 269 | Salisbury University Salisbury, MD | $56,048 | $49,189 | $34,704 | $21,250 | C+ |
| 270 | DePaul University Chicago, IL | $56,014 | $55,033 | $34,453 | $20,834 | B+ |
| 271 | Eastern Oregon University La Grande, OR | $56,013 | $56,343 | $37,143 | $20,612 | D |
| 274 | Miami University-Oxford Oxford, OH | $55,919 | $59,674 | $34,959 | $19,750 | B |
| 273 | Miami University-Middletown Middletown, OH | $55,919 | $59,674 | $34,959 | $19,750 | C |
| 272 | Miami University-Hamilton Hamilton, OH | $55,919 | $59,674 | $34,959 | $19,750 | C |
| 275 | Molloy College Rockville Centre, NY | $55,878 | $53,184 | $31,517 | $24,195 | A |
| 276 | University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Milwaukee, WI | $55,697 | $57,955 | $38,040 | $23,000 | C+ |
| 277 | Oakland University Rochester Hills, MI | $55,662 | $58,689 | $37,795 | $22,000 | B |
| 278 | Carthage College Kenosha, WI | $55,654 | $57,911 | $33,580 | $25,125 | B |
| 279 | University of Kentucky Lexington, KY | $55,653 | $63,016 | $39,311 | $22,500 | B+ |
| 280 | University of Louisville Louisville, KY | $55,636 | $62,997 | $38,219 | $20,735 | B |
| 281 | The University of Tampa Tampa, FL | $55,512 | $59,085 | $32,804 | $23,250 | B |
| 294 | Pennsylvania State University-World Campus University Park, PA | $55,505 | $56,449 | $34,181 | $25,000 | C+ |
| 293 | Pennsylvania State University-Penn State York York, PA | $55,505 | $56,449 | $34,181 | $25,000 | C+ |
| 292 | Pennsylvania State University-Penn State Greater Allegheny Mckeesport, PA | $55,505 | $56,449 | $34,181 | $25,000 | C+ |
| 291 | Pennsylvania State University-Main Campus University Park, PA | $55,505 | $56,449 | $34,181 | $25,000 | A |
| 290 | Pennsylvania State University-Penn State Fayette- Eberly Lemont Furnace, PA | $55,505 | $56,449 | $34,181 | $25,000 | B |
| 289 | Pennsylvania State University-Penn State Brandywine Media, PA | $55,505 | $56,449 | $34,181 | $25,000 | C+ |
| 288 | Pennsylvania State University-Penn State Harrisburg Middletown, PA | $55,505 | $56,449 | $34,181 | $25,000 | B |
| 287 | Pennsylvania State University-Penn State Berks Reading, PA | $55,505 | $56,449 | $34,181 | $25,000 | C+ |
| 286 | Pennsylvania State University-Penn State Beaver Monaca, PA | $55,505 | $56,449 | $34,181 | $25,000 | C+ |
| 285 | Pennsylvania State University-Penn State Altoona Altoona, PA | $55,505 | $56,449 | $34,181 | $25,000 | C+ |
| 284 | Pennsylvania State University-Penn State Wilkes-Barre Dallas, PA | $55,505 | $56,449 | $34,181 | $25,000 | C+ |
| 283 | Pennsylvania State University-Penn State New Kensington New Kensington, PA | $55,505 | $56,449 | $34,181 | $25,000 | C+ |
| 282 | Pennsylvania State University-Penn State Erie-Behrend College Erie, PA | $55,505 | $56,449 | $34,181 | $25,000 | B |
| 295 | Central Michigan University Mount Pleasant, MI | $55,353 | $58,363 | $31,913 | $27,000 | C+ |
| 296 | South Dakota State University Brookings, SD | $55,345 | $59,573 | $39,173 | $25,500 | B |
| 297 | Appalachian State University Boone, NC | $55,307 | $59,352 | $38,331 | $19,500 | C+ |
| 298 | Rowan University Glassboro, NJ | $55,277 | $48,516 | $34,549 | $18,874 | C |
| 299 | Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Baton Rouge, LA | $55,245 | $63,950 | $38,426 | $21,500 | A |
| 300 | CUNY Hunter College New York, NY | $55,182 | $52,522 | $29,054 | $10,875 | B |
| 301 | Hope College Holland, MI | $55,166 | $58,166 | $38,956 | $27,000 | B+ |
| 302 | University of Wisconsin-Whitewater Whitewater, WI | $55,152 | $57,388 | $39,367 | $23,600 | C+ |
| 303 | Northern Illinois University Dekalb, IL | $55,109 | $54,144 | $38,490 | $23,812 | C+ |
| 304 | Missouri Western State University Saint Joseph, MO | $55,059 | $59,035 | — | — | F |
| 305 | St Catherine University Saint Paul, MN | $55,058 | $52,592 | $44,606 | $27,918 | C+ |
| 306 | Crown College Saint Bonifacius, MN | $54,958 | $52,497 | — | — | D |
| 307 | Lindenwood University Saint Charles, MO | $54,917 | $58,883 | $41,579 | $24,492 | C+ |
| 308 | Liberty University Lynchburg, VA | $54,911 | $50,001 | $35,392 | $21,500 | F |
| 309 | Plymouth State University Plymouth, NH | $54,740 | $50,421 | $31,293 | $27,000 | C |
| 311 | Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL | $54,717 | $58,239 | $34,720 | $18,375 | B |
| 310 | Colorado Mesa University Grand Junction, CO | $54,717 | $51,171 | $32,899 | $21,061 | B |
| 312 | Juniata College Huntingdon, PA | $54,716 | $55,647 | $32,470 | $27,000 | B |
| 318 | Ohio University-Zanesville Campus Zanesville, OH | $54,695 | $58,368 | $36,666 | $21,500 | B |
| 317 | Ohio University-Main Campus Athens, OH | $54,695 | $58,368 | $36,666 | $21,500 | C+ |
| 316 | Ohio University-Lancaster Campus Lancaster, OH | $54,695 | $58,368 | $36,666 | $21,500 | C |
| 315 | Ohio University-Southern Campus Ironton, OH | $54,695 | $58,368 | $36,666 | $21,500 | B |
| 314 | Ohio University-Chillicothe Campus Chillicothe, OH | $54,695 | $58,368 | $36,666 | $21,500 | B |
| 313 | Ohio University-Eastern Campus Saint Clairsville, OH | $54,695 | $58,368 | $36,666 | $21,500 | C |
| 319 | Grand Canyon University Phoenix, AZ | $54,622 | $56,125 | $38,507 | $25,000 | C |
| 320 | Saint Edward's University Austin, TX | $54,558 | $55,469 | $31,117 | $23,153 | B |
| 321 | Canisius University Buffalo, NY | $54,529 | $51,900 | $35,264 | $22,788 | B |
| 322 | University of Wyoming Laramie, WY | $54,433 | $56,731 | $28,547 | $11,750 | B |
| 323 | Allegheny College Meadville, PA | $54,366 | $55,291 | $31,994 | $27,000 | B+ |
| 324 | University of North Florida Jacksonville, FL | $54,360 | $57,859 | $36,842 | $15,000 | B |
| 325 | University of North Carolina Wilmington Wilmington, NC | $54,315 | $58,288 | $36,695 | $19,000 | B |
| 327 | The University of Montana Missoula, MT | $54,300 | $59,314 | $34,377 | $18,687 | D |
| 326 | Albion College Albion, MI | $54,300 | $57,253 | $39,209 | $27,000 | B |
| 328 | Temple University Philadelphia, PA | $54,283 | $55,206 | $34,496 | $21,500 | B+ |
| 329 | Kean University Union, NJ | $54,277 | $47,638 | $27,983 | $21,469 | D |
| 330 | Edgewood College Madison, WI | $54,257 | $56,457 | $42,950 | $22,500 | B |
| 331 | Central Connecticut State University New Britain, CT | $54,195 | $48,793 | $30,399 | $20,500 | C |
| 332 | Kutztown University of Pennsylvania Kutztown, PA | $54,173 | $55,094 | $35,957 | $25,937 | C |
| 333 | Linfield University Mcminnville, OR | $54,091 | $54,410 | $30,860 | $27,000 | A |
| 334 | California State University-Stanislaus Turlock, CA | $54,007 | $49,143 | $30,179 | $16,000 | C+ |
| 335 | Alma College Alma, MI | $53,947 | $56,881 | — | — | C+ |
| 336 | University of Wisconsin-Parkside Kenosha, WI | $53,923 | $56,109 | $37,107 | $21,987 | C |
| 337 | Bethel University Saint Paul, MN | $53,868 | $51,455 | $40,019 | $23,702 | B |
| 338 | Lynn University Boca Raton, FL | $53,858 | $57,325 | — | — | C |
| 339 | Saginaw Valley State University University Center, MI | $53,825 | $56,752 | $36,348 | $26,722 | C |
| 340 | University of South Florida Tampa, FL | $53,810 | $57,274 | $34,530 | $18,323 | B+ |
| 341 | Xavier University Cincinnati, OH | $53,800 | $57,413 | $39,771 | — | B+ |
| 342 | Biola University La Mirada, CA | $53,781 | $48,937 | — | $21,500 | C |
| 343 | Nazareth University Rochester, NY | $53,695 | $51,107 | $28,341 | $23,500 | C+ |
| 344 | Eastern Connecticut State University Willimantic, CT | $53,673 | $48,323 | $32,721 | $25,013 | C |
| 345 | Longwood University Farmville, VA | $53,631 | $48,836 | $36,062 | $26,000 | D |
| 346 | Elmhurst University Elmhurst, IL | $53,618 | $52,679 | $41,423 | — | B |
| 347 | Bridgewater College Bridgewater, VA | $53,615 | $48,821 | $29,477 | $26,000 | D |
| 348 | William Paterson University of New Jersey Wayne, NJ | $53,589 | $47,034 | $31,870 | $23,638 | D |
| 349 | East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania East Stroudsburg, PA | $53,559 | $54,470 | $29,963 | $20,702 | C+ |
| 350 | University of Northern Iowa Cedar Falls, IA | $53,506 | $56,282 | $40,558 | $16,562 | B |
| 351 | Winona State University Winona, MN | $53,456 | $51,062 | $38,197 | $24,908 | C+ |
| 352 | Boise State University Boise, ID | $53,278 | $56,654 | $37,954 | $20,500 | C+ |
| 353 | The University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX | $53,267 | $54,157 | $34,314 | $21,655 | C+ |
| 354 | University of South Carolina-Columbia Columbia, SC | $53,247 | $59,043 | $35,586 | $22,500 | A |
| 355 | Lasell University Newton, MA | $53,172 | $46,824 | $30,379 | $27,000 | F |
| 356 | Northern Kentucky University Highland Heights, KY | $53,082 | $60,105 | $38,637 | $22,431 | C+ |
| 357 | University of Southern Maine Portland, ME | $53,033 | $56,360 | $35,920 | $17,678 | C |
| 358 | Lewis & Clark College Portland, OR | $53,026 | $53,338 | $17,707 | $20,500 | B |
| 359 | Texas State University San Marcos, TX | $53,009 | $53,895 | $37,386 | $21,500 | C+ |
| 360 | Northern Arizona University Flagstaff, AZ | $52,957 | $54,414 | $41,491 | $17,500 | C+ |
| 361 | Saint Norbert College De Pere, WI | $52,927 | $55,073 | $38,287 | $26,000 | B |
| 362 | Luther College Decorah, IA | $52,905 | $55,650 | $42,012 | $27,000 | B+ |
| 363 | Southeastern University Lakeland, FL | $52,899 | $56,304 | $27,983 | $19,500 | D |
| 364 | Minnesota State University Moorhead Moorhead, MN | $52,838 | $50,472 | $36,172 | $20,000 | D |
| 365 | Commonwealth University of Pennsylvania Bloomsburg, PA | $52,825 | $53,723 | $31,419 | $26,000 | C |
| 366 | Eastern Michigan University Ypsilanti, MI | $52,805 | $55,677 | $36,717 | $26,600 | C |
| 367 | Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania Slippery Rock, PA | $52,762 | $53,659 | $35,840 | $25,000 | C+ |
| 368 | Goucher College Baltimore, MD | $52,752 | $46,296 | — | $26,000 | D |
| 369 | University of Michigan-Dearborn Dearborn, MI | $52,703 | $55,569 | $31,735 | $21,500 | B |
| 370 | Kansas State University Manhattan, KS | $52,603 | $54,610 | $30,385 | $22,681 | B |
| 371 | University of Illinois Springfield Springfield, IL | $52,588 | $51,667 | $32,050 | $16,635 | C+ |
| 372 | Mercer University Macon, GA | $52,530 | $54,379 | $35,712 | $24,990 | B |
| 373 | Southern Illinois University-Edwardsville Edwardsville, IL | $52,466 | $51,547 | $36,569 | $20,500 | C+ |
| 374 | University of Central Missouri Warrensburg, MO | $52,463 | $56,251 | — | $19,750 | C |
| 375 | University of Houston-Victoria Victoria, TX | $52,435 | $53,311 | — | — | C |
| 376 | Suffolk University Boston, MA | $52,398 | $46,142 | — | — | B |
| 377 | Western Connecticut State University Danbury, CT | $52,385 | $47,163 | $27,909 | $23,543 | C |
| 378 | Adrian College Adrian, MI | $52,309 | $55,154 | — | — | C+ |
| 379 | Lipscomb University Nashville, TN | $52,267 | $57,096 | $31,767 | $21,253 | B |
| 380 | Concordia College at Moorhead Moorhead, MN | $52,248 | $49,908 | $42,431 | $24,751 | C+ |
| 381 | Holy Cross College Notre Dame, IN | $52,231 | $56,034 | — | — | C |
| 382 | University of South Dakota Vermillion, SD | $52,100 | $56,080 | $35,792 | $23,625 | C+ |
| 383 | Curry College Milton, MA | $52,041 | $45,828 | $27,516 | $25,000 | D |
| 384 | Notre Dame de Namur University Belmont, CA | $51,994 | $47,311 | $27,389 | — | C+ |
| 385 | Indiana University-Northwest Gary, IN | $51,863 | $55,639 | — | — | F |
| 386 | Rochester University Rochester Hills, MI | $51,856 | $54,676 | $36,051 | $22,376 | D |
| 387 | California State University-Fresno Fresno, CA | $51,788 | $47,124 | $33,050 | $14,915 | C+ |
| 394 | DeVry University-Virginia Arlington, VA | $51,752 | $47,125 | $47,622 | $45,000 | C |
| 393 | DeVry University-Texas Irving, TX | $51,752 | $52,617 | $47,622 | $45,000 | D |
| 392 | DeVry University-Nevada Henderson, NV | $51,752 | $53,713 | $47,622 | $45,000 | D |
| 391 | DeVry University-Illinois Lisle, IL | $51,752 | $50,846 | $47,622 | $45,000 | B |
| 390 | DeVry University-Georgia Decatur, GA | $51,752 | $53,574 | $47,622 | $45,000 | C |
| 389 | DeVry University-Florida Orlando, FL | $51,752 | $55,083 | $47,622 | $45,000 | C |
| 388 | DeVry University-California Ontario, CA | $51,752 | $47,091 | $47,622 | $45,000 | B |
| 395 | Colorado State University Pueblo Pueblo, CO | $51,721 | $48,369 | $31,769 | $20,965 | D |
| 396 | SUNY College at Plattsburgh Plattsburgh, NY | $51,715 | $49,222 | $39,749 | $23,250 | C |
| 397 | Baldwin Wallace University Berea, OH | $51,698 | $55,170 | $29,501 | $27,000 | B |
| 398 | Central College Pella, IA | $51,671 | $54,352 | — | — | C+ |
| 399 | Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, MI | $51,446 | $54,244 | $31,169 | $23,362 | C+ |
| 400 | Indiana University-Indianapolis Indianapolis, IN | $51,397 | $55,140 | $39,775 | $18,443 | C+ |
Bachelor’s degrees. Wage-adjusted = pay ÷ √(state wage index). Source: U.S. Department of Education College Scorecard field-of-study data.
Graduates with this degree pursue careers in the following fields:
Ranked by Repit grade, then by degrees awarded. These are the top-rated colleges that produce the most graduates in speech communication and rhetoric.
Schools ranked by number of graduates. These institutions produce the most speech communication and rhetoric graduates annually, including online and distance learning programs.
Speech Communication and Rhetoric is a degree program offered at 744 colleges and universities across the United States. Each year, approximately 32,944 students graduate with this degree.
Graduates with this degree can pursue careers such as public relations managers, communications teachers, postsecondary, writers and authors, media and communication workers, all other, public relations specialists, and 1 more career paths.